While black holes are ubiquitous, our understanding of how strong gravity and energetic material interact to produce the light we observe remains limited. The Galactic Center supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), is the most promising target to study the dynamics of black hole accretion and outflow via direct imaging. Cycle 4 (2017) results revealed a nearly isotropic intrinsic source with an angular size of ~12 Schwarzschild radii. This image constrained a set of emission models to disks or low-inclination jets. Long-baseline detections to ALMA in Cycles 4-5 (2017-2018) also confirmed that scattering effects will not dominate 1.3-mm VLBI images of Sgr A*. Cycle 8 (2022), with LMT participation and doubling of the bandwidth, will improve total-intensity imaging of the intrinsic structure. For Cycle 9 (2023), we request a full-polarization GMVA+ALMA imaging observation of Sgr A* at 3.5-mm, with a high-bandwidth polarization-focused sub-array. The VLBA and GBT will provide key calibration and imaging input while we leverage the high-bandwidth capabilities of (sub)millimeter GMVA and guest facilities to detect polarization structure in Sgr A* on VLBI scales at 3.5-mm for the first time, providing critical insight into the accretion flow configuration of Sgr A*.
| Name | Institution |
|---|---|
| Sara Issaoun * | Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian; Nijmegen, Radboud Universiteit |
| Lindy Blackburn | Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian |
| Michael Johnson | California at Santa Barbara, University of; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian |
| Christiaan Brinkerink | Nijmegen, Radboud Universiteit |
| Maciek Wielgus | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory |
| Ciriaco Goddi | Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian; European Southern Observatory; Joint Institute for Very Long Baseline Interferometry European Research Infrastructure Consortium; Nijmegen, Radboud Universiteit |
| Thomas Krichbaum | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
| Monika Moscibrodzka | Nijmegen, Radboud Universiteit |
| Sera Markoff | Amsterdam, Universiteit van |
| Shep Doeleman | Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian |
| Michael Janssen | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie; Nijmegen, Radboud Universiteit |
| Freek Roelofs | Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian; Nijmegen, Radboud Universiteit |
| Vincent Fish | Haystack Observatory |
| Eduardo Ros | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie; València, Universitat de |
| Heino Falcke | Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy; Nijmegen, Radboud Universiteit |
| Geoffrey Bower | Academia Sinica |
| Dan Marrone | Arizona, University of |
| Jason Dexter | Colorado at Boulder, University of |
| Kazunori Akiyama | Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Haystack Observatory |
| Katherine Bouman | Massachusetts Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology |
| Rusen Lu | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie; Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, CAS |
| Guangyao Zhao | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Andalucía, Instituto de Astrofísica de |
| Ilje Cho | Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Andalucía, Instituto de Astrofísica de; Korea University of Science and Technology |
| Motoki Kino | National Astronomical Observatory of Japan ; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute |
| Silke Britzen | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
| David Hughes | Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Instituto Nacional de |
| Gopal Narayanan | Massachusetts at Amherst, University of |
| Laurent Loinard | México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de; Harvard University |
| Antonio Hernandez | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
| David Sanchez-Arguelles | Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Instituto Nacional de |
| Kazuhiro Hada | Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan ; Nagoya City University |
| Remo Tilanus | Arizona, University of |
| Tony Zensus | National Radio Astronomy Observatory; Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
| Keiichi Asada | Academia Sinica |
| Dimitrios Psaltis | Arizona, University of |
| Feryal Ozel | Arizona, University of |
| Avery Broderick | Waterloo, University of |
| Roman Gold | Maryland, University of; Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics; Syddansk Universitet |
| Raquel Fraga-Encinas | Nijmegen, Radboud Universiteit |
| Andrew Chael | Princeton University |
| Jim Moran | Harvard University; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian |
| Jose L. Gomez | Andalucía, Instituto de Astrofísica de |
| Luciano Rezzolla | Frankfurt am Main, Goethe-Universität |
| Michael Kramer | Manchester, University of; Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
| Kuo Liu | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
| Gregory Desvignes | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie; Paris, Observatoire de |
| Robert Wharton | Jet Propulsion Laboratory |
| Jim Cordes | Cornell University |
| John Wardle | Brandeis University |
| Shami Chatterjee | Cornell University |
| Scott Ransom | National Radio Astronomy Observatory; Virginia, University of |
| Helge Rottmann | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
| Jan Wagner | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
| Yurii Pidopryhora | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
| Gunther Witzel | California at Los Angeles, University of; Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
| Jae-Young Kim | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie; Kyungpook National University |
| Dominic Pesce | Virginia, University of; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory |
| David James | Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory |
| Tomohisa Kawashima | Tokyo, University of |
| Yosuke Mizuno | Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Frankfurt am Main, Goethe-Universität |
| Jordy Davelaar | Columbia University |
| Kazi Rygl | Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica |
| Elisabetta Liuzzo | Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica |
| Venkatessh Ramakrishnan | Turku, University of |
| Ue-Li Pen | Toronto, University of |
| Ramesh Karuppusamy | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
| zhi-qiang shen | Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, CAS |
| Wu Jiang | Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, CAS |
| Hector Olivares | Nijmegen, Radboud Universiteit; Aveiro, Universidade de |
| GBT Operator | Green Bank Observatory |
* indicates the PI