While black holes are ubiquitous, our understanding of how strong gravity and energetic material interact to produce the light we observe from them remains limited. The Galactic Center supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), is the most promising target to study the dynamics of black hole accretion and outflow via direct imaging. At 3.5-mm, the emission from Sgr A* originates within ~12 Schwarzschild radii of the black hole and is resolvable with the GMVA. Results from our Cycle 4 (2017) observations enabled the first imaging of Sgr A* at 3.5-mm, revealing a nearly isotropic intrinsic source. This image constrained a representative set of emission models to disks or low-inclination jets. In addition, long-baseline detections to ALMA in Cycles 4-5 confirmed that scattering effects will not dominate images of Sgr A* with the Event Horizon Telescope. For Cycle 8, we request a full-polarization GMVA+ALMA imaging observation of Sgr A* at 3.5-mm, adding the highly sensitive LMT and doubling the bandwidth. These observations will test the persistence of the compact intrinsic structure, and they will have the sensitivity to track and characterize intra-hour variability, providing critical insights into the source and emission models for Sgr A*.
Name | Institution |
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Hector Olivares | Nijmegen, Radboud Universiteit; Aveiro, Universidade de |
Wu Jiang | Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, CAS |
zhi-qiang shen | Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, CAS |
Ramesh Karuppusamy | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
Ue-Li Pen | Toronto, University of |
Venkatessh Ramakrishnan | Turku, University of |
Elisabetta Liuzzo | Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica |
Kazi Rygl | Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica |
Jordy Davelaar | Columbia University |
Yosuke Mizuno | Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Frankfurt am Main, Goethe-Universität |
Tomohisa Kawashima | Tokyo, University of |
David James | Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory |
Dominic Pesce | Virginia, University of; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory |
Jae-Young Kim | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie; Kyungpook National University |
Gunther Witzel | California at Los Angeles, University of; Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
Yurii Pidopryhora | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
Jan Wagner | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
Helge Rottmann | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
Scott Ransom | National Radio Astronomy Observatory; Virginia, University of |
Shami Chatterjee | Cornell University |
John Wardle | Brandeis University |
Jim Cordes | Cornell University |
Robert Wharton | Jet Propulsion Laboratory |
Gregory Desvignes | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie; Paris, Observatoire de |
Kuo Liu | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
Michael Kramer | Manchester, University of; Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
Luciano Rezzolla | Frankfurt am Main, Goethe-Universität |
Jose L. Gomez | Andalucía, Instituto de Astrofísica de |
Jim Moran | Harvard University; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian |
Andrew Chael | Princeton University |
Raquel Fraga-Encinas | Nijmegen, Radboud Universiteit |
Roman Gold | Maryland, University of; Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics; Syddansk Universitet |
Avery Broderick | Waterloo, University of |
Feryal Ozel | Arizona, University of |
Dimitrios Psaltis | Arizona, University of |
Keiichi Asada | Academia Sinica |
Tony Zensus | National Radio Astronomy Observatory; Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
Remo Tilanus | Arizona, University of |
Kazuhiro Hada | Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan ; Nagoya City University |
David Sanchez-Arguelles | Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Instituto Nacional de |
Antonio Hernandez | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
Laurent Loinard | México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de |
Gopal Narayanan | Massachusetts at Amherst, University of |
David Hughes | Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Instituto Nacional de |
Silke Britzen | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
Motoki Kino | National Astronomical Observatory of Japan ; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute |
Ilje Cho | Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Andalucía, Instituto de Astrofísica de; Korea University of Science and Technology |
Guangyao Zhao | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Andalucía, Instituto de Astrofísica de |
Rusen Lu | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie; Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, CAS |
Katherine Bouman | Massachusetts Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology |
Kazunori Akiyama | Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Haystack Observatory |
Jason Dexter | Colorado at Boulder, University of |
Dan Marrone | Arizona, University of |
Geoffrey Bower | Academia Sinica |
Heino Falcke | Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy; Nijmegen, Radboud Universiteit |
Eduardo Ros | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie; València, Universitat de |
Vincent Fish | Haystack Observatory |
Freek Roelofs | Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian; Nijmegen, Radboud Universiteit |
Michael Janssen | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie; Nijmegen, Radboud Universiteit |
Shep Doeleman | Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian |
Sera Markoff | Amsterdam, Universiteit van |
Monika Moscibrodzka | Nijmegen, Radboud Universiteit |
Thomas Krichbaum | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie |
Ciriaco Goddi | Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian; European Southern Observatory; Joint Institute for Very Long Baseline Interferometry European Research Infrastructure Consortium; Nijmegen, Radboud Universiteit |
Maciek Wielgus | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory |
Christiaan Brinkerink | Nijmegen, Radboud Universiteit |
Michael Johnson | California at Santa Barbara, University of; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian |
Lindy Blackburn | Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian |
Sara Issaoun * | Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian; Nijmegen, Radboud Universiteit |
GBT Operator | Green Bank Observatory |
* indicates the PI